Searching for the best home sauna kits in 2026? The market offers a wide range of options, from portable steam units to infrared setups. The Best Overall pick combines performance, ease of use, and value, while alternatives like the X-Vcak Upgraded 2 Person Portable Sauna excel for those wanting more features or space. Buyers often face tradeoffs between size, price, and functionality—balancing convenience with therapeutic benefits. Continue reading to see how these options compare and which one suits your home wellness goals.
Play games included with Prime
Start a Prime free trial and play with Amazon Luna on your devices.
Start playingAs an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- The top-ranked models balance power, ease of assembly, and versatility, making them suitable for a broad range of users.
- Portable steam saunas dominate the category for those prioritizing quick setup and mobility, but may lack some features of larger infrared units.
- Infrared saunas with added features like chromotherapy and Bluetooth tend to be premium-priced but offer enhanced relaxation options.
- Size and capacity vary widely; compact models are ideal for small spaces, whereas larger setups suit dedicated wellness areas.
- Price ranges reflect differences in features, build quality, and included accessories, emphasizing the importance of matching features to needs.
| home sauna kit | Timer | Dimensions |
|---|---|---|
| Durasage Portable Personal Ste | Up to 60 minutes | — |
| Portable Steam Sauna with 9 He | — | — |
| X-Vcak Upgraded 2 Person Porta | — | — |
| Manastin 2 Person Portable Ste | — | 48.5" x 37" x 71" |
| X-Vcak 1-2 Person Infrared Sau | 1-99 minutes | 40" x 36" x 73" |
| Personal Portable Steam Sauna | 99 minutes | 32" x 26" x 36" |
| ZONEMEL Full Size Portable Ste | — | — |
| Manastin Portable Steam Sauna | 99 minutes | 2.6’x2.6’x5.9’ |
| Viconor Portable Infrared Saun | 95 minutes | 33" x 33" x 71" |
| SAUNABOX® SmartSteam Kit Pro P | 0–60 minutes | — |
| X-Vcak Upgraded Portable Sauna | — | — |
| Home Sauna Tent | — | 46 x 46 x 67 inches |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Durasage Portable Personal Steam Sauna Spa – 800W, 60-Min Timer, Foldable Frame & Chair
This compact and lightweight sauna stands out for its foldable design, making it an excellent choice for those with limited space. Compared to the X-Vcak Upgraded 2 Person Portable Sauna, it offers a more personal, solo experience but sacrifices capacity and steam power. Its 800-watt generator and 1.8L reservoir deliver gentle, relaxing steam, ideal for daily unwinding but possibly less effective for users seeking intense heat or larger groups. The simple assembly and durable fabric make it straightforward for beginners, though the lower temperature range and indoor-only use limit its versatility for more vigorous sessions or outdoor relaxation. Overall, this pick makes the most sense for individuals seeking a portable, easy-to-use steam sauna for small spaces and light use, with tradeoffs in power and session intensity.
Pros:- Space-saving and highly portable design
- Includes all essential components for immediate use
- Adjustable timer for session control
- Easy to clean with durable materials
Cons:- Limited to indoor use only
- Steam temperature may feel insufficient for some users
- Assembly can require some effort
Best for: Individuals living in small apartments or with limited storage who want an easy, personal steam experience.
Not ideal for: Those wanting a more intense or longer-lasting sauna experience, or outdoor use, as this model’s heat output and temperature range are modest.
- Power:800W
- Reservoir Capacity:1.8L
- Timer:Up to 60 minutes
- Temperature Range:110–115°F
- Material:High-quality fabric
Our verdict“This sauna is best suited for space-limited users seeking a simple, personal steam session at home.”
Portable Steam Sauna with 9 Heating Levels, Steamer, and Folding Chair for Home Use
This model shines with its 9 adjustable heating levels and rapid 15-second warming, providing more control over session intensity compared to the Durasage. Its 1000W power and 2.6L steamer capacity make it suitable for longer or more intense sessions, but it is still designed for indoor use only. The quick setup and portable size make it ideal for users who want flexibility in location and temperature control, although the need for water refilling during longer sessions can be inconvenient. While it may not match the large capacity of the X-Vcak sauna, its range of heat levels makes it a good choice for those seeking customizable comfort, especially if they value quick heating and safety features. This pick is best for wellness enthusiasts who want versatility without sacrificing portability, with some tradeoffs in continuous steam capacity.
Pros:- Fast heating with 15-second start-up
- Multiple heat levels for personalized sessions
- Easy to install and portable design
- Durable, heat-preserving materials with safety features
Cons:- Limited to indoor use only
- Requires frequent water refilling for extended use
- Less suitable for larger groups
Best for: Wellness seekers who appreciate customizable heat levels and quick setup in a portable package.
Not ideal for: People expecting large group sessions or outdoor use, as the unit is limited to indoor environments and smaller capacities.
- Heating Levels:9
- Maximum Temperature:140°F
- Steamer Capacity:2.6L
- Power:1000W
- Installation Time:Less than 10 minutes
- Size after install:31.5 x 31.5 x 40.5 inches
Our verdict“Ideal for users who want adjustable, quick-heating steam sessions in a portable form factor for personal wellness routines.”
X-Vcak Upgraded 2 Person Portable Sauna with Accessories
This larger model offers a spacious 71″ x 49″ x 36″ design, comfortably fitting two people with foldable chairs included. It provides quick, consistent steam thanks to dual high-power steamers, making it suitable for couples or small households. Compared with the Manastin 2 Person Sauna, its quick steam generation and generous size give it an edge for shared relaxation, but it demands more space and higher power consumption. The portability and foldability enhance convenience, yet some users may find the setup requires a dedicated area and the electricity demand higher. This sauna caters well to those wanting a more social or longer session experience at home, with the tradeoff of increased size and energy use.
Pros:- Large size suitable for two persons
- Includes two foldable chairs for comfort
- Quick steam generation with dual steamers
- Portable and foldable design for transport
Cons:- Requires significant space for setup
- Potentially high power consumption
- Limited to two users at a time
Best for: Couples or roommates seeking a larger, quick-steaming sauna for shared use at home or on the go.
Not ideal for: Users with limited space or those seeking a compact, minimal setup sauna, as this model requires more room and power.
- Size:71”x 49”x 36”
- Capacity:2 persons
- Steamers:2 high-power steamers
- Accessories:2 folding chairs
Our verdict“This sauna is perfect for couples or small groups wanting quick, spacious relaxation, provided they have sufficient space and power capacity.”
Manastin 2 Person Portable Steam Sauna for Home with Foldable Chairs and Remote Control
Compared to the X-Vcak sauna, the Manastin offers rapid heating, reaching 130°F in just 10 minutes, making it ideal for quick relaxation sessions. Its spacious 48.5″ x 37″ x 71″ design comfortably fits two adults, with included foldable chairs and a remote control for added convenience. However, it requires multiple outlets to operate both steam generators effectively and may feel bulky for small rooms. The focus on rapid heating and ease of use makes it a good fit for busy users who want a quick, effective sauna without lengthy setup. The tradeoff lies in its size and power needs, which could limit placement options in smaller homes.
Pros:- Fast heating to 130°F in 10 minutes
- Includes foldable chairs for comfort
- Remote control for easy operation
- Spacious enough for two adults
Cons:- Needs multiple outlets for optimal performance
- Bulky for small rooms
- Limited portability compared to smaller models
Best for: Busy individuals who want rapid, effortless steam sessions at home with minimal fuss.
Not ideal for: Those with limited electrical outlets or small spaces, due to its size and power requirements.
- Dimensions:48.5″ x 37″ x 71″
- Capacity:2 persons
- Heating Time:10 minutes to 130°F
- Material:Satin cotton fabric
- Includes:2 foldable chairs, remote control
Our verdict“Best suited for users prioritizing quick heating and convenience for occasional, efficient sessions at home.”
X-Vcak 1-2 Person Infrared Sauna with Red Light Therapy, Bluetooth, Radio, 7-Color Therapy Light, Indoor Home Use
This infrared model emphasizes health benefits with six evenly distributed heating panels and vibrant therapy lights, making it ideal for users seeking more than just heat. Its 1500W power and 7-color therapy lights provide both physical and mental wellness, plus entertainment options like Bluetooth and radio. Compared to the steam-focused models, it offers faster, more targeted heat and a variety of sensory features, but the maximum temperature of 150°F might not satisfy those seeking intense heat. Its indoor-only design and higher power consumption are tradeoffs for holistic wellness. This sauna targets users who want a multi-sensory experience, blending relaxation with health benefits, though it may be less effective for those seeking deep sweating or intense heat.
Pros:- Even heat distribution with six large panels
- Multiple therapy lights for comprehensive wellness
- Built-in Bluetooth, radio, and MP3 for entertainment
- Additional amenities like bookshelf and towel rack
Cons:- Maximum temperature may be insufficient for deep sweating
- Limited to indoor use only
- Higher power consumption
Best for: Health-conscious users who want a combination of heat therapy, light therapy, and entertainment in a compact indoor sauna.
Not ideal for: Those seeking high-temperature sweating or outdoor use, as the maximum temp and design limit outdoor application.
- Dimensions:40″ x 36″ x 73″
- Power:1450W
- Temperature Range:66-150℉
- Timer:1-99 minutes
- Number of Heating Panels:6
- Therapy Lights:7 (various colors)
Our verdict“Ideal for users looking for a multi-faceted wellness experience combining heat, light, and entertainment, suitable for indoor settings.”
Personal Portable Steam Sauna for Home, 2L 1200W Pop-up Sauna Box
This portable steam sauna stands out for its ultra-compact and lightweight design, making it perfect for travelers or those with limited space. Compared to larger, more permanent setups like the Viconor Portable Infrared Sauna, it sacrifices some power and capacity—reflected in its 2L water tank and 1200W generator—but offers quick, tool-free setup. The nine temperature settings provide some customization, though it takes about 10-15 minutes to reach full heat, which might be less convenient than larger models with faster heating. Its foldable design may reduce long-term durability, but for sporadic use, it’s an easy-to-carry option.
Pros:- Extremely lightweight and portable for travel or small spaces
- Multiple temperature settings for personalized comfort
- Simple, tool-free setup
Cons:- Limited water capacity requiring frequent refills
- Longer time to reach maximum temperature (10-15 minutes)
Best for: Individuals who need a portable, space-saving sauna for occasional use or travel.
Not ideal for: Heavy users or those seeking a durable, long-term home installation, as the foldable build might wear over time.
- Dimensions:32″ x 26″ x 36″
- Power:1200W
- Water Capacity:2L
- Temperature Settings:9
- Timer:99 minutes
Our verdict“This pick is ideal for users who prioritize portability and quick setup over large capacity or ultra-fast heating.”
ZONEMEL Full Size Portable Steam Sauna Kit, Personal Full Body Sauna Spa for Home Relaxation, 4 Liters 1500 Watt Steamer, Remote Control, Timer, Foldable Chair
This sauna kit offers a significant upgrade in capacity and features compared to smaller options like the Personal Portable Steam Sauna. Its 4-liter water tank and 1500W steamer enable rapid heating and sustained sessions, making it suitable for those who want a comprehensive, relaxing experience. The transparent, collapsible design adds a fun visual element and allows for entertainment during use. However, its size and indoor-only design mean it’s less portable—unlike the Porta-Steam—and needs space for setup. The lack of adjustable steam levels could be a drawback for users seeking precise control. Still, the full body coverage and included accessories make it a compelling choice for dedicated relaxation at home.
Pros:- Large water capacity for longer sessions
- Fast heating with 1500W power
- Includes a foldable chair and full transparent design for entertainment
Cons:- Indoor use only, limiting flexibility
- No adjustable steam level options
Best for: Home users seeking a full-body, immersive steam sauna with quick setup and high capacity.
Not ideal for: Small apartments or those who need frequent, portable use, due to its larger footprint and limited mobility.
- Capacity:4 liters
- Power:1500 Watts
- Design:Full transparent, collapsible
- Includes:Steamer, foldable chair, tent
- Control:Remote
Our verdict“This sauna kit suits those wanting a full-sized, easy-to-assemble home spa with minimal fuss.”
Manastin Portable Steam Sauna for Home, Jet Black
The Manastin Portable Steam Sauna distinguishes itself with 15 adjustable heat levels and a 99-minute timer, catering to users who want tailored sessions. Its spacious interior, at roughly 2.6’x2.6’x5.9’, makes it suitable for longer, more comfortable experiences compared to smaller models like the Personal Portable Sauna. The durable, waterproof fabric and stainless-steel inner tank promise long-lasting performance. However, it requires an electrical outlet and water supply, which can be limiting in some settings, and it takes time to heat up fully. While its portability is a plus, it’s best suited for indoor use where space and power are readily available.
Pros:- 15 adjustable heat levels for personalized sessions
- Spacious interior for comfort
- Durable, high-quality materials
Cons:- Requires consistent electricity and water supply
- Takes time to fully heat
Best for: Home users seeking a customizable, spacious sauna with precise temperature control.
Not ideal for: Those with very limited space or no easy access to power and water connections, as setup requires both.
- Power Levels:15
- Temperature:up to 130°F
- Timer:99 minutes
- Dimensions:2.6’x2.6’x5.9’
- Steam Boiler Capacity:3L
Our verdict“This option is perfect for enthusiasts who want control and space without sacrificing portability.”
Viconor Portable Infrared Sauna with Red Light Therapy
The Viconor Infrared Sauna adds a unique edge with integrated red light therapy, offering benefits for skin rejuvenation and muscle recovery alongside traditional steam. Its size (33″ x 33″ x 71″) makes it larger than most portable options like the Personal Portable Sauna, and its safety features—dry-burn prevention and leak protection—are reassuring. While the infrared and red light combo provides a different therapeutic approach, it’s less focused solely on steam, and the size may be too bulky for tight spaces. Still, for those wanting a multi-therapy experience, this model offers significant versatility.
Pros:- Combines red light therapy with steam for comprehensive benefits
- Foldable and relatively easy to set up
- Safety features provide peace of mind
Cons:- Size may be too large for small rooms
- Steam generator requires regular maintenance
Best for: Home users interested in combined infrared and red light therapy alongside steam benefits in a larger, feature-rich unit.
Not ideal for: Very small spaces or users seeking basic steam-only saunas, as the size and complexity may be overkill.
- Wattage:1200W
- Red Light Wavelengths:660nm and 850nm
- Dimensions:33″ x 33″ x 71″
- Timer:95 minutes
- Control:Remote with 9 temperature settings
Our verdict“This sauna suits those wanting advanced therapy options, accepting a larger footprint for multi-modal benefits.”
SAUNABOX® SmartSteam Kit Pro Portable Home Steam Sauna – 1 Person
The SAUNABOX® SmartSteam Kit Pro offers a streamlined, efficient sauna experience tailored for individual use. Its fast 15-minute warm-up, adjustable heat levels up to 140°F, and high humidity make it ideal for targeted stress relief and muscle recovery. Compared with larger, more complex units like the ZONEMEL Full Size Sauna, it emphasizes quick setup and customization, perfect for busy schedules. Its portable design and included accessories make it highly convenient, though its capacity limits it to one person at a time. The environment-dependent steam temperature can vary, which may affect consistency.
Pros:- Fast setup in about 10-15 minutes
- Adjustable heat and timer settings
- Complete kit with accessories for convenience
Cons:- Limited to one person at a time
- Steam temperature may fluctuate based on environment
Best for: Individuals seeking a quick, customizable sauna at home with minimal setup time.
Not ideal for: Those wanting a large-capacity or multi-person sauna, as it’s designed for single user sessions.
- Temperature:up to 140°F (60°C)
- Humidity:nearly 100%
- Heat Levels:7 adjustable
- Timer:0–60 minutes
- Setup Time:10 minutes
Our verdict“This sauna is perfect for busy users needing a quick, personalized session without sacrificing comfort or control.”
X-Vcak Upgraded Portable Sauna for Home with Steamer, Remote Control, Folding Chair, 9 Levels
This portable sauna stands out through its high-power steamer, enabling quick heat-up times that surpass many competitors like the ZONEMEL Portable Steam Sauna, which has a lower wattage. Its remote control and nine adjustable levels offer precise comfort control, making it a versatile choice for users who want customization without complicated setup. The foldable design and included waterproof chair make it highly portable, ideal for those with limited space or who want to move their sauna between rooms or even outdoors. However, its reliance on an electrical outlet and potential space requirements in compact rooms mean it isn’t suited for every small apartment. Compared with the Home Sauna Tent, this model offers quicker heat generation and easier access but sacrifices the larger, more immersive experience of a tent. It’s perfect for individuals prioritizing portability and quick setup, but less so for those needing a dedicated, permanent sauna space.
Pros:- High-power steamer for rapid heat-up
- Remote control for easy adjustments
- Foldable for storage and transport
- Includes a waterproof, comfortable folding chair
Cons:- May take up significant space in small rooms
- Limited to indoor use; needs electrical outlet
Best for: People living in small apartments or homes who want a quick, portable sauna with adjustable settings.
Not ideal for: Users seeking an outdoor or semi-permanent sauna setup; it’s best for indoor use only and requires an outlet.
- Steamer Power:High-power
- Control:Remote control
- Levels:9 levels
- Foldable:Yes
- Includes:Folding chair, storage pocket
- Design:Waterproof
Our verdict“This sauna is ideal for those needing a portable, quick-heating unit with adjustable features for indoor spaces.”
Home Sauna Tent, Portable Pentagonal Steam Room with Remote Control, Folding Chairs, Floor Mats, Indoor/Outdoor Use
This sauna tent offers a unique approach compared to the X-Vcak model by providing a spacious, pentagonal design that’s quick to set up and fold away, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. Its surround steam nozzle ensures even heat distribution, giving a more uniform sauna experience than the more compact portable units. The included accessories, like folding chairs and floor mats, add comfort and convenience, while its waterproof, durable fabric makes it suitable for outdoor environments—something the portable sauna cannot match. Its setup, however, requires a dedicated space and access to an electrical outlet, and frequent outdoor use may reduce durability over time. Compared with the X-Vcak sauna, this tent offers a more immersive experience, but with less portability. It’s well-suited for those who want flexibility to use indoors or outside and don’t mind a larger footprint.
Pros:- Easy to set up and fold down without tools
- Even heat distribution with surround steam nozzle
- Includes accessories like chairs and floor mats
- Suitable for indoor and outdoor use
Cons:- Requires sufficient space for setup
- Less durable for frequent outdoor use over long periods
- Limited capacity for multiple users at once
Best for: Individuals seeking a versatile sauna solution that can be used both indoors and outdoors with a more spacious and immersive design.
Not ideal for: Users with very limited space or those who need a compact, easily stored unit; it requires a dedicated setup area and may be less durable outdoors over time.
- Dimensions:46 x 46 x 67 inches
- Design:Pentagonal
- Material:Waterproof fabric, high-density insulation
- Features:Remote control, foldable chair, floor mats, transparent window
- Steam Generator:High power, 9-speed temperature regulation
- Setup:Quick, no tools required, folds for storage
Our verdict“This sauna tent is best for users who want a flexible, roomy sauna experience both inside and outside their home, accepting a larger setup footprint.”
How We Picked
I evaluated these home sauna kits based on performance, ease of setup, build quality, and overall value. Priority was given to products that balanced effective heat delivery with user-friendly features like remote controls or adjustable settings. Durability, safety features, and included accessories also influenced the rankings. The selection process aimed to highlight options suitable for different budgets and space constraints, ensuring each product offers distinct advantages for specific user needs.Factors to Consider When Choosing Home Sauna Kits
When choosing a home sauna kit, it’s important to consider several factors beyond just price or brand. Size and capacity determine whether the sauna fits comfortably in your space and meets your relaxation needs. Heating type—steam, infrared, or combination—affects both the user experience and maintenance requirements. Ease of installation and portability are critical if you plan to move or have limited space. Additionally, features like remote control, lighting options, and built-in speakers can enhance your experience but may add cost. Finally, consider your budget and how much you’re willing to spend on features versus core functionality.Size and Capacity
Choosing the right size is essential for fitting your space and ensuring comfort. Smaller, portable units are perfect for apartments or limited rooms, while larger setups suit dedicated wellness areas. Keep in mind that a bigger sauna may require more power and space, which can increase installation complexity and costs. On the other hand, compact models tend to be easier to store and set up but might sacrifice some features or comfort. Consider how many people will use the sauna at once and the available room before making a decision.
Heating Technology
Steam versus infrared are the two main heating methods, each with pros and cons. Steam saunas provide traditional, moist heat, which many find more relaxing but require more maintenance and longer warm-up times. Infrared models heat the body directly with radiant heat, offering quicker warm-ups and often more energy efficiency. Some units combine both for versatility, but these tend to be pricier. Your choice should depend on your preferred sensation, maintenance willingness, and whether you prioritize quick use or a traditional sauna experience.
Ease of Installation and Portability
Many home sauna kits are designed for easy setup, but some require more technical skill or space for assembly. Portable models excel here, offering quick setup without professional help, making them ideal for renters or those who want flexibility. Larger, fixed-in-place units may involve professional installation and more permanent placement. Consider how often you might want to move or disassemble the sauna, especially if you anticipate relocating or want multi-use space flexibility.
Features and Accessories
Features like remote controls, adjustable lighting, Bluetooth speakers, and chromotherapy can boost the relaxation experience but often come at a higher price. Evaluate whether these extras are worth the added cost for your wellness routine. Some models include foldable chairs, digital timers, or multiple heating levels, enhancing usability. Be cautious about overpaying for features you won’t use regularly—prioritize what genuinely improves your sauna sessions.
Budget and Long-Term Value
While budget options may seem appealing, they can sacrifice durability and performance. Investing in a slightly pricier model often results in better build quality, more reliable heating, and longer lifespan. Consider your long-term wellness goals: a higher-quality setup might provide more consistent results and require less maintenance. Conversely, if you plan only occasional use, a lower-cost portable model could serve your needs without breaking the bank. Balance your immediate budget with the anticipated durability and features for the best value.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are portable sauna kits effective for relaxation and health benefits?
Yes, many portable sauna kits offer effective heat therapy that can promote relaxation, improve circulation, and soothe sore muscles. While they may not provide the same intensity as built-in, full-sized saunas, modern portable units often include adjustable temperature settings and features like steam or infrared heat, making them suitable for regular use. Their convenience and ease of setup also encourage consistent use, which can enhance overall wellness. However, for deep detoxification or long-term health benefits, larger or infrared models might be more suitable.
How much space do I need for a typical home sauna kit?
Most portable sauna kits are designed to fit into small to medium-sized rooms, often requiring only a few square feet of space. For example, many pop-up steam units need about 3×3 feet and a ceiling height of 6.5 feet or more. Infrared cabins tend to be larger, sometimes requiring a dedicated corner or small room. Always check the product specifications for dimensions and consider extra space for entering and exiting comfortably. Planning for ventilation and safe electrical placement is also essential for proper installation.
Can I install a home sauna kit myself, or do I need professional help?
Most portable and foldable sauna kits are designed for easy, DIY setup, often requiring only basic tools and minimal assembly. They usually come with clear instructions, making installation straightforward. Larger infrared units or full-size portable steam saunas, however, may require more technical skills, especially for electrical connections or venting. If you’re unsure or uncomfortable with electrical work or assembly, hiring a professional can ensure safety and proper setup, and prevent potential issues down the line.
What maintenance is involved with home sauna kits?
Maintenance varies depending on the type of sauna. Steam units require regular cleaning of the water reservoir and steaming chamber to prevent mineral buildup and mold. Infrared models typically need less upkeep but should be checked periodically for electrical safety and cleanliness of surfaces. Replacing filters or cleaning lighting components might also be necessary for added features. Following the manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning and safety checks will help prolong your sauna’s lifespan and ensure safe operation.
Is it worth investing in features like chromotherapy or Bluetooth in a home sauna kit?
Features like chromotherapy lighting or Bluetooth speakers can significantly enhance your relaxation experience, adding visual and audio elements that promote stress relief. These extras are generally found in higher-priced models, so consider whether they align with your wellness goals and budget. If you value multisensory therapy and enjoy customizing your environment, investing in these features can be worthwhile. However, for purely functional heating, simpler models without these extras can still provide effective benefits at a lower cost.
Conclusion
For those seeking a versatile, all-around solution, the Best Overall pick offers a balanced mix of features, performance, and value. Budget-conscious buyers will find the Best Value models deliver solid performance without extra frills. Beginners or casual users should consider portable, easy-to-assemble units like the Best for Beginners. Those with larger spaces or specific wellness goals may prefer infrared models with advanced features, making the Best Premium option ideal. Ultimately, matching your space, budget, and wellness priorities will lead you to the right home sauna kit in 2026.
Fall Picks
fall essentials
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.
